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Individuals’ eye movements in reading are highly consistent across time and trial.

September 17, 20242 min read

BRC

Eye movements are used to study a variety of cognitive phenomena, including attention, perception, memory, language, reading, decision making, and many others, as well as cognitive impairments and individual differences in cognition. These studies assume, with little evidence, that eye movements are stable across time and trials. Eye movement stability must be better characterized to understand the full theoretical and clinical implications of individual differences in eye movement behavior. The present study examined eye movement reliability in normal individuals during reading. Thirty-nine participants completed 2 sessions of a reading task separated by 1 month. Means and standard deviations of fixation duration, saccade amplitude, first fixation duration, gaze duration, total time, go-past time, skipping, refixation and regression probabilities were compared both between sessions and across trials within sessions. All correlations were highly significant, indicating that eye movement behaviors are stable within individuals across several weeks and highly stable across trials within each individual. The different components of the ex-Gaussian distribution of fixation durations were also highly stable over time. Differences in sensitivity to lexical variables (frequency, predictability, length) were also compared, and were also observed to be highly stable across time. Eye movements in reading are therefore suitable for studying cognition and its neural underpinnings, as well as cognitive development and longitudinal change. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)


Impact Statement

Public Significance Statement—Our research shows that the way people move their eyes when they read is highly consistent across different texts and at different times. This means that to understand how reading occurs, we must focus on who is reading as much or more than on what is being read. Further, because eye movements are stable over time in normal, healthy readers, reading can be used as a tool to study changes related to development or recovery from trauma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)


Citation

Carter, B. T., & Luke, S. G. (2018). Individuals’ eye movements in reading are highly consistent across time and trial. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 44(3), 482–492. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000471


Copyright

  • Holder: American Psychological Association

  • Year: 2017

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Stephen o. behunin - founder

welcome to fully focused learning

We believe that virtually all of us were created to be college-level readers, with excellent attention control, yet the vast majority of all students suffer with healthcare-treatable factors that inhibit them from proficiently reading their own grade-level textbooks. However, is the goal of this new and disruptive collaboration proposal to enable all students and adults with college- level reading, comprehension, and attention control skills.


We have found that some health related conditions can dramatically affect individuals ability to learn to read and learn. Our techniques and tools are conveniently accessible, easy to learn and replicatable. But most importantly, they are powerfully effective and helping students to overcome the challenges that keep them from being confidence and successful in school.

eDUCATION: Brigham Young University (bYU) - Provo, Utah

  • Chemistry Major, German Minor, Math and Physics Emphases

  • Post Graduate studies – Marketing, Accounting Experience

  • Summertime Book Sales – Arkansas, Oklahoma, Maryland, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Utah, Idaho, Colorado. Founded the first Utah-based 100-salesperson summertime student sales force.

  • Collaborated with classmates to found SAVE ENERGY, Inc., to design, manufacture, advertise and install energy saving devices in Ohio.

  • Represented an Ohio-based amusement and retail advertising agency, in Utah (Lagoon Amusement and Fred Meyer), initiated initial merger discussion with SMITH’s.

  • Founded GREAT AMERICAN SPORTS, collectable sports books publishing and marketing (U.S. Gymnastics Federation, U.S. Figure Skating Federation, University of Alabama, Bear Bryant of Alabama, Alabama Sports Hall of Fame). Collaborated with ESPN to publish and market “BAMA and THE BEAR”, autographed and numbered collectables. Developed national funding program for U.S. Gymnastics and Figure Skating Associations, and thousands of religious K-12 schools.

  • Founded IQU, Inc, for the development of the ReadMate advanced reading and attention control skills technology. Had to bring legal action against multiple pirates after receiving multiple U.S. Patents. Because of excellent Intellectual Property attorneys (IP), Behunin prevailed in all cases Behunin brought again pirates.

  • Developed “Black Box” advanced ReadMate software technology, which led to the development of the BYU Student Development Course, “STDEV 305, Advanced Reading Strategies for College Success”, which eventually scaled to as many as 11 classroom-based sections, of 30 students per section, per semester, with each section being wait-listed for 2-3 semesters, into future semesters. The course became among the most highly student-rated courses, on campus. However, as a seat- based course, it was believed to be consuming too many campus resources (classrooms and faculty), and too many administrators felt that students who didn’t read and attend (attention control) at college-level, shouldn’t be enrolled at BYU, even though the U.S. Department of Education, says that only 5-6% of U.S. 12 th grade students can read and attend, PROFICIENTLY at ADVANCED, college- level.

  • The New ReadMate app and course is smartphone-based. It both detects and overcomes the 4 factors that inhibit virtually every student/reader from developing ADVANCED/EXCELLENT reading and attention control skills, without drugs.

  • Whereas, the first ReadMate “black box” technology, used for the BYU STDEV 305 course, enabled students to improve their reading rate, comprehension, and attention control by more than 100%, during a 16-week semester, the new ReadMate smartphone, notebook, and PC app, is designed to enable students to improve reading rate, comprehension, and attention control, without drugs, by 300%, in a semester, or less time.

eDUCATION: Brigham Young University (bYU) - Provo, Utah

  • Chemistry Major, German Minor, Math and Physics Emphases

  • Post Graduate studies – Marketing, Accounting Experience

  • Summertime Book Sales – Arkansas, Oklahoma, Maryland, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Utah, Idaho, Colorado. Founded the first Utah-based 100-salesperson summertime student sales force.

  • Collaborated with classmates to found SAVE ENERGY, Inc., to design, manufacture, advertise and install energy saving devices in Ohio.

  • Represented an Ohio-based amusement and retail advertising agency, in Utah (Lagoon Amusement and Fred Meyer), initiated initial merger discussion with SMITH’s.

  • Founded GREAT AMERICAN SPORTS, collectable sports books publishing and marketing (U.S. Gymnastics Federation, U.S. Figure Skating Federation, University of Alabama, Bear Bryant of Alabama, Alabama Sports Hall of Fame). Collaborated with ESPN to publish and market “BAMA and THE BEAR”, autographed and numbered collectables. Developed national funding program for U.S. Gymnastics and Figure Skating Associations, and thousands of religious K-12 schools.

  • Founded IQU, Inc, for the development of the ReadMate advanced reading and attention control skills technology. Had to bring legal action against multiple pirates after receiving multiple U.S. Patents. Because of excellent Intellectual Property attorneys (IP), Behunin prevailed in all cases Behunin brought again pirates.

  • Developed “Black Box” advanced ReadMate software technology, which led to the development of the BYU Student Development Course, “STDEV 305, Advanced Reading Strategies for College Success”, which eventually scaled to as many as 11 classroom-based sections, of 30 students per section, per semester, with each section being wait-listed for 2-3 semesters, into future semesters. The course became among the most highly student-rated courses, on campus. However, as a seat- based course, it was believed to be consuming too many campus resources (classrooms and faculty), and too many administrators felt that students who didn’t read and attend (attention control) at college-level, shouldn’t be enrolled at BYU, even though the U.S. Department of Education, says that only 5-6% of U.S. 12 th grade students can read and attend, PROFICIENTLY at ADVANCED, college- level.

  • The New ReadMate app and course is smartphone-based. It both detects and overcomes the 4 factors that inhibit virtually every student/reader from developing ADVANCED/EXCELLENT reading and attention control skills, without drugs.

  • Whereas, the first ReadMate “black box” technology, used for the BYU STDEV 305 course, enabled students to improve their reading rate, comprehension, and attention control by more than 100%, during a 16-week semester, the new ReadMate smartphone, notebook, and PC app, is designed to enable students to improve reading rate, comprehension, and attention control, without drugs, by 300%, in a semester, or less time.

  • Recently, Behunin, has joined with Christine Cook (Brain Rehab Clinic of Orem, Utah) and Scott Cook (Cassell, of Provo, Utah) to launch FULLY FOCUSED LEARNING, Inc., which will take the new ReadMate app and course to U.S. students, publishers, high schools, universities, employers, and beyond.

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THIS PRE-PAY DISCOUNT SESSION PACK

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( 3 ) 1-Hour Sessions

These can be completed either
In-Person at our office in Orem

or Online via Zoom.

TOTAL IF EACH SOLD SEPARATELY:

$450 = SAVE 10%

YOUR PRE-PAY PACK PRICE =

$400

Session

6-Pack

THIS PRE-PAY DISCOUNT SESSION PACK

iNCLUDES THE FOLLOWING:

( 6 ) 1-Hour Sessions

These can be completed either
In-Person at our office in Orem

or Online via Zoom.

TOTAL IF EACH SOLD SEPARATELY:

$900 = SAVE 15%

YOUR PRE-PAY PACK PRICE =

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